Once the printing press came onto the scene, however, the aesthetics of the page layout became a commercial consideration, as interlinear and marginal comments were considered unwieldly. Symbols, and not numbers, were employed, because Arabic numerals did not come into use in Europe until the end of the Middle Ages. The solution was for “gloss-writers” to use symbols that would connect between the two. However, the problem arose that if there were multiple notes on a given page, later readers often found it difficult to connect these glosses with the respective corresponding portions of the text. In medieval times, third-party glosses to a manuscript text were made by hand and placed either between the lines of the text or in the blank spaces surrounding the text. The moral of the story (with particular attention to Noël Coward): be careful what you wish for.įirst, some background. The most salient question today is not what has happened to the footnote (going, going, and increasingly gone, at least for the mainstream book publishing world), but the depressing fate of the footnote’s more recent first cousin, the endnote. The full reference will appear in the list of references at the end of the paper.Having to read footnotes resembles having to go downstairs to answer the door while in the midst of making love.īeing an IP blog, this Kat will focus on the subject matter of the first part of Coward’s observation. In order for the short title to display correctly, you will need to edit the reference in your EndNote Library and enter the short title in the appropriate field.

Depending on the Chicago version you are using, subsequent citations will be an abbreviated reference with just a short title (Chicago 17th), or appear as 'ibid.' in earlier versions.The first time a citation is used, it appears in the footnote as a complete reference,.In the Chicago style, the number in the footnote is not superscript and you will need to change this manually.Then insert the citations into the footnote using the Chicago style.Create the footnotes using your word processor (in Word click on the References tab on the ribbon at the top of the screen, then select Insert Footnote).Place the cursor after the punctuation.In those styles, references are indicated by a number in the text, printed as a superscript.

Footnote endnote